Structurally speaking, you've got fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

从结构上来，有纤维关节、软骨关节和滑膜关节。

These joints are synovial, meaning they have a joint capsule and a small amount of synovial fluid in between.

关节突关节是滑膜关节，即关节有关节囊，囊内有少量滑液。

Well done! And synovial is the name for the fluid that surrounds this type of joint.

干得好！滑液是围绕在这类关节周围的液体。

With Osteoarthritis, we're really talking about one particular kind of joint which is a synovial joint.

骨关节炎中，我们讨论的是一种特殊的关节——滑膜关节。

OK, this professor isn't feeling too clever today. I'm going to have to take a guess and say, c) synovial.

好吧，我这个教授今天的大脑不是很灵光。我只能猜一下案了，我选c)滑液性关节?

Yes, of course. So which type of joint can you crack? Is it … a) fibrous? b) cartilaginous? Or c) synovial?

当然。那么能掰响哪一种关节？是a)纤维性关节? b)软骨性关节? c)滑液性关节?

The cartilage gets softer, weaker, and continues to lose elasticity, and starts to flake off into the synovial space, called joint mice.

软骨变得柔软、脆弱，弹力持续降低，开始脱落，进入滑膜囊内，称为“关节鼠”。

They started each session collecting a blood sample, and a bit of synovial fluid, the natural lubricant inside the knee joint.

他们在每次训练开始时采集血样和少量滑液，滑液是膝关节内的天然润滑剂。

The cool thing about these cavities is that they contain a bit of viscous, egg-white-like synovial fluid that acts like grease on a hinge.

这些空腔最酷的一点是它们含有一点粘性的、蛋清状的滑液，就像铰链上的油脂一样。

But the family of joints that make all the sports, and the entire art of breakdancing, and yoga possible, are the freely movable synovial joints.

但是关节家族中使所有的运动，霹雳舞和瑜伽的整个艺术成为可能的是可自由移动的滑膜关节。

They're caused by tiny bubbles in your synovial fluid, which is just the fancy name for the fluid in between your joints that keeps your bones from scraping together.

它们是由滑液中的小气泡引起的，滑液是关节之间防止骨骼刮擦的液体的别称。

They were also a compound called Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein, or COMP, which can be a marker of arthritis if there's a bunch of it in your synovial fluid.

它们也是一种称为软骨寡聚基质蛋白 (Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein) 或 COMP 的化合物，如果滑液中有大量这种化合物，它可能是关节炎的标志。

These freely moveable synovial joints come in six different configurations that together allow pretty much any movement your body can make, from a subtle head nod to a vigorous jumping jack.

这些可自由移动的滑膜关节有六种不同的配置，它们一起让的身体得以做几乎任何运动，从轻轻的点头到有力的开合跳。

OK, if you say so, Professor. And since you're in a scientific mood, how about answering today's quiz question. Which type of joint can you crack? Is it … a) fibrous? b) cartilaginous? Or c) synovial?

好吧，随怎么吧，大教授。既然想谈论科学，那么就来回一下今天的测试题吧。人体的哪一个关节可以被掰响？是a)纤维性关节? b)软骨性关节? c)滑液性关节?

Along with articular cartilage, another important component of synovial joints, and where they get their name from, is the synovium, which along with the surface of the articular cartilage, forms the inner lining of the joint space.

和关节软骨一样，滑膜是滑膜关节的另一重要组成成分，所以得名“滑膜关节”；滑膜分布在关节软骨的表面，形成关节腔的内层。

As " type A" cells in the synovium attempt to remove the debris, immune cells like lymphocytes and macrophages are recruited into the synovial membrane, which produces proinflammatory cytokines that ultimately cause inflammation of the synovium as well, called synovitis.

滑膜上的A型细胞努力清除这些碎片的同时，免疫细胞（如淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞）也被募集进入滑膜，产炎症因子，最终导致滑膜炎。

The synovium's composed of loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and on the surface—" Type A" cells that clear cellular debris and " Type B" cells that produce components of synovial fluid, which helps lubricate the two articular surfaces.

滑膜由松散结缔组织、血管、淋巴管组成；在滑膜表面，A型细胞清细胞碎屑，B型细胞产滑液成分，滑液能够润滑两块关节的表面。