We're talking bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, the categories that include mosses and ferns, liverworts, and more.

我们说的是苔藓和无籽维管，这类包括苔藓、蕨类、苔类等。

Another type of seedless vascular plant is ferns, also known as monilophytes.

另一种无籽维管是蕨类，也被称为单生。

As you can tell, bryophytes and seedless vascular plants are not simply low-to-the-ground lurkers.

正如所知，苔藓和无籽维管并不是简单的地下潜伏者。

You can find that in the seedless grapes sometimes.

有时您可在无籽葡萄中找到这一点。

Although many of the early seedless vascular plants have gone extinct, you can still find some of them growing today.

虽然许多早期的无籽维管已经灭绝了，但仍然可发现它们中的一在今天生长。

And they don't contain vascular tissue, the water and transport system found in all other plants, which developed later with seedless vasculars.

它们不含维管组织，这是所有其他中发现的水和运输系统，这后来发展出无籽维管。

All right, and then the secret weapon in the world of seedless pepper flakes, this is a Turkish maras biber.

好吧， 然后是无籽胡椒片世界的秘密武器，这是土耳其的 maras biber。

Well, the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants were some of the first plants to arise from that event — and many of them still exist today!

苔藓和无籽维管是第一批从那次事件中产生的，其中许多今天仍然存在！

I mean the breadfruit tree, which is quite abundant on Gueboroa Island, and there I chiefly noted the seedless variety that in Malaysia is called rima.

我说的是面包树，在格波罗尔岛上，这种树非常多，我特别留心那没有核仁的一种，马来亚语管它叫利马。

Next time, we'll be using these tools to uncover the history of plants, starting with bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, some of the earliest plants on Earth.

下节课，我们将用这工具来揭开的历史，从苔藓和无籽维管开始，它们是地球上最早的。

So, a few hundred million years later, a cousin of the bryophytes showed up, Seedless Vascular Plants forming another branch on the plant family tree: seedless vascular plants.

因此，几亿年后，苔藓的表亲无籽维管出现了，形成了家族树的另一个分支：无籽维管。

From seedless watermelons, to bean plants that can survive frigid winters, to regular ol' broccoli, so much of what we find in the produce section we've altered in one way or another.

从无籽西瓜，到能在寒冷的冬天存活的豆类，再到普通的西兰花，我们在农产品区找到的很多东西都被我们这样或那样的方式改变了。

So, bryophytes and seedless vasculars can tell us a lot about how plants evolved over time, like how an older relative can tell you what life was like before cell phones or the Internet, or microwave popcorn.

所，苔藓和无籽维管可告诉我们很多关于如何随着时间进化的信息，就像一个年长的亲戚如何告诉在手机、互联网或微波爆米花出现之前的生活是什么样子的。

On top of that, seedless vascular plants — and all plants that evolved after them — have a dominant sporophyte, meaning that what we tend to recognize as the plant is actually its sporophyte generation.

最重要的是，无籽维管——及在它们之后进化的所有——都有一个显性的孢子体，这意味着我们倾向于认为的实际上是它的孢子体一代。

" No stranger than that Luther Burbank who was born on a farm in Massachusetts should have produced a seedless orange or that Henry Ford who was born on a farm in Michigan should have invented a Tin Lizzie" .

“出生在马萨诸塞州农场的 Luther Burbank 应该生产无籽橙子，或者出生在密歇根州农场的 Henry Ford 应该发明 Tin Lizzie，这并不奇怪”。

Having a dominant sporophyte introduced lots of advantages — like, while the spore-making generation of a bryophyte couldn't grow very far off the ground; the sporophytes of seedless vascular plants could grow much taller and larger, with more room for spore-producing organs.

拥有一个优势孢子体带来了很多好处——比如，苔藓的产孢体不能长得离地面很远；而无籽维管的孢子体可长得更高更大，有更多的空间容纳产孢器官。