This myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes, which are a group of cells that support neurons.

鞘由支持神经少突胶质细胞形成。

Unfortunately, though, over time as the oligodendrocytes die off the remyelination stops and the damage becomes irreversible with the loss of axons.

病情长期下去因为少突胶质细胞死亡，鞘再生，并且随着神经轴索减少，这些损伤不可逆。

Those B-cells begin to make antibodies that mark the myelin sheath proteins, and then the macrophages use those antibody markers to engulf and destroy the oligodendrocytes.

那些B淋巴细胞分泌抗体，标记于鞘蛋上，巨噬细胞利用抗体标志吞噬摧毁少突胶质细胞。

Without oligodendrocytes, there's no myelin to cover the neurons, and this leaves behind areas of scar tissue, also called plaques or sclera.

没了少突胶质细胞，也就没有保护神经鞘，还会留下斑痕组织（硬化斑）。

Early on in multiple sclerosis, the oligodendrocytes will heal and extend out new myelin to cover the neurons, which is a process called remyelination.

多发性硬化早期，少突胶质细胞可以自我修复，形成新鞘包裹住神经，叫作鞘再生。

In other words, an autoimmune attack on the oligodendrocytes might happen, and then regulatory T cells will come in to inhibit or calm down the other immune cells, leading to a reduction in the inflammation.

换个说法，自身免疫攻击少突胶质细胞后，T调节淋巴细胞会赶到并安抚其它免疫细胞，从而减轻炎症。

During a flare, T-cells cause inflammation and damage to oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system, which leaves behind scarred areas of demyelinated neurons called plaques, which causes a variety of symptoms depending on the location.

在发作期间，T淋巴细胞导致炎症并损伤中枢神经系统少突胶质细胞，在脱鞘神经处形成瘢痕（硬化斑），从而根据部位不同产生不同症状。

And this means that those myelin specific T-cells release cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and interferon-gamma, and together dilate the blood vessels which allows more immune cells to get in, as well as directly cause damage to the oligodendrocytes.

鞘敏感T淋巴细胞释放细胞因子，比如IL-1、IL-6、α-肿瘤坏死因子、γ-干扰素，一起扩张血管让更多免疫细胞进入，直接损伤少突胶质细胞。