Hardwoods used in BBQ smoke have lots of cellulose and lignin.

烧烤烟熏中使用的硬含有大量纤维素素。

There's the lignin and cellulose of plants, calcium-rich shells of mollusks and coral reefs, and mineral bones like ours.

植物的素纤维素，软体动物珊瑚礁富含钙的贝壳，以及像我们这样的矿物骨骼。

The chemicals remove about half of its lignin.

这些化学物去除了大约一半的素。

The organic component of soil, called humus,   is mostly made up of broken down lignin.

土壤的有机成分称为腐殖，主要由分解的素组成。

It is made by partially removing a natural polymer called lignin.

它通过部分去除称为素的天然聚合物制成的。

OK, he says that the fungi break down the lignin and the cellulose. They break down the tree.

好吧，说真菌会分解素纤维素。们砍倒了树。

Wood consists of cellulose fibers and a compound called lignin,   an organic polymer.

材由纤维素纤维一种称为素的化合物组成，素一种有机聚合物。

Stora Enso, a Finnish forest-products company, reckons it can make anode material from lignin.

芬兰林产品公司 Stora Enso 认为它可以用素制造阳极材料。

And lignin is converted into all kinds of aromatic chemicals that flavor the meat, and can even act as chemical preservatives.

素被转化为各种芳香化学物，给肉调味，甚至可以作为化学防腐剂。

But scale trees only produced a small amount of lignin.

但树只产生少量的素。

The plan is to develop ways of making anode carbon from lignin, a natural polymer found in the cell walls of plants.

该计划开发利用素制造阳极碳的方法，素一种存在于植物细胞壁中的天然聚合物。

They break down the lignin and the cellulose, which is the most resistant form of carbon, and they break it down, produce mushrooms.

它们分解素纤维素， 这最耐腐蚀的碳形式，然后将其分解， 产生蘑菇。

The bark covering tree trunks is full of lignin, a rigid web of compounds that's tough to chew and highly impermeable to pathogens.

覆盖在树干上的树皮充满了素，这一种坚硬的化合物网， 难以咀嚼，而且病原体极难渗透。

Velev and Ph.D. student Alexander Richter discovered that silver-based nanoparticles can be replaced with non-harmful nanoparticles based on an organic polymer called lignin, naturally found in most plants.

韦列夫博士生亚历山大·里希特发现银纳米颗粒可以被无害的纳米粒子所代替，它一种名叫素的有机高分子，绝大多数植物中都能够发现这种物。

This tissue is what allows modern trees to grow tall and straight, because it contains lignin, a rigid organic polymer that gives the plant structural support.

这种组织使现代树能够长得又高又直，因为它含有素， 一种为植物提供结构支撑的刚性有机聚合物。

And back in the Carboniferous, many of the decomposing microbes that could break down the hardy lignin -- and release CO2 as a result -- had yet to evolve.

回到石炭纪，许多可以分解坚硬素并因此释放二氧化碳的分解微生物尚未进化。

While wood is made up of the same nutritious carbohydrate called cellulose that makes up other tasty tree parts, most of the cellulose in wood is bound together by a complex molecule called lignin.

虽然材由一种叫做纤维素的营养碳水化合物构成的，这种碳水化合物构成了其美味的树部分，但材中的大部分纤维素由一种叫做素的复杂分子结合在一起的。

To avoid taking those extra steps, expert composters might add extra wood chips or paper products to the pile, since they have a lot of lignin — a tough component of plant cell walls which doesn't contain any nitrogen at all.

为了避免这些额外的步骤，专业的堆肥者可能会往堆肥中再加入一些屑或者纸品，因为它们含有大量素，一种完全不含氮的坚韧的植物细胞壁成分。

Insects like termites can go whole hog on the whole log, because they can " chew" the wood with their serrated mandibles AND also have the right gut machinery - AKA microbes - to break the lignin down on the molecular level.

像白蚁这样的昆虫可以吃掉整根原，因为它们可以用锯齿状的下颚“咀嚼” 材，并且还有合适的肠道机制——也就微生物——在分子水平上分解素。