So standard treatments for cirrhosis are needed, like lactulose to prevent hepatic encephalopathy.

因此，针对肝硬化的标准治疗是必须的，比如使用乳果糖防止肝性脑病。

Ammonia and other toxins can pass through the blood brain barrier and cause hepatic encephalopathy.

氨和其他毒性产物可通过大脑屏障，致肝性脑病。

Most commonly, this happens because of hepatic cirrhosis, which is when the liver tissue is replaced by fibrotic functionless tissue.

它大多数由肝硬化引起，即肝脏组织被无功能的纤维组织替代。

Diagnosis is done mainly by hepatic venous pressure gradient measurement.

诊断主要通过测量肝静脉压力梯度来完成。

With TIPS, a tube is inserted via a catheter to allow communication between the portal vein and hepatic vein.

使用TIPS时，可通过小插入大，实现门静脉和肝静脉之间的连通。

Bile produced in the liver passes through the hepatic duct to the cystic duct and into the gallbladder.

肝脏中产生的胆汁通过肝进入胆囊并进入胆囊。

When this happens, venous blood accumulates in the hepatic portal system, causing pressure to rise above 12 mmHg, which defines portal hypertension.

当这种情况发生时，静脉血会在肝门脉系统里蓄积，致压力上升到12mHg上，这就是门静脉高压症的。

Over time as the liver becomes less functional, symptoms like jaundice, ascites, easy bruising, and hepatic encephalopathy develop.

长此往，肝脏功能逐渐下降，并出现相关症状，如黄疸、腹水、瘀斑和肝性脑病。

All right, as a quick recap, portal hypertension is when the pressure in the hepatic portal system is greater than 12 mmHg.

得！快速回顾一下：门静脉高压症是指肝门系统压力大于12mmHg。

And finally, with hepatic encephalopathy, there may be Asterixis, which means hand tremor when the wrist is extended; altered consciousness, lethargy, seizure, or coma.

最后，如果患有肝性脑病，可能会出现扑翼样震颤，意味着患者伸出手腕时，手部出现鸟翼拍击样的屈伸动作，伴有意识不清、嗜睡、癫痫发作或昏迷。

The gallbladder, a pear-shaped sac behind the lower portion of the liver, stores bile, which is continuously secreted by the hepatic cells between meals.

胆囊是肝脏下部后面的储存胆汁的梨形囊，胆汁在两餐之间由肝细胞不断分泌。

To prevent bleeding from happening again, an interventional radiology technique called TIPS is the preferred procedure to decrease hepatic portal pressure and prevent further complications.

为了防止再次出血，TIPS（经颈静脉肝内门体分流术）这种介入放射学技术是首选，降低肝门压力并预防进一步的并发症。

Father Nicanor, consumed by hepatic fever, was replaced by Father Coronel, whom they called " The Pup, " a veteran of the first federalist war.

尼卡诺尔神父因肝热而病倒，取而代之的是科罗内尔神父，他们称他为“小狗”，他是第一次联邦主战争的老兵。

Second, blood backing up in the systemic veins leads to portal systemic shunts, which happens in the three points where the systemic venous system and hepatic portal system are connected.

其次，淤积在体静脉的血液造成门脉-体静脉系统分流，发生在三个部位，即体静脉系统与肝脏门脉系统相连接的地方。

When your liver isn't detoxifying your blood, these toxins can get into the brain and start causing mental deficits, a condition known as hepatic encephalopathy.

没被降解的毒素跟随着血液可进入大脑，从而引起被称为肝性脑病的精神障碍。

The fibrotic tissue, pressure buildup, and diversion of blood from the hepatic circulation essentially reduces the number of functional sinusoidal veins, and the number of functional portal triads in general.

纤维组织形成、门静脉高压和肝循环血液分流，最终致了可用的血窦静脉数量的减少，及整体上可用的门脉三联数量减少。

At this point many of the described symptoms start to develop, like jaundice and pruritus or itchy skin, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy leading to confusion, and easy bruising from low coagulation factors.

肝硬化的症状开始出现，如黄疸、皮肤瘙痒、腹水、致神智不清的肝性脑病，及因凝血因子不足致的瘀斑。

The gold standard for determining if there is portal hypertension is obtaining a hepatic venous pressure gradient measurement where a catheter is inserted inside the inferior vena cava and then inside the portal vein to measure the difference between both pressures.

确是否存在门静脉高压症的金标准是测量肝静脉压力梯度，即将先后插入下腔静脉、门静脉内测量两个压力之间的差异。

Here's a pretty basic layout of the basic functional unit of the liver, you've got the portal vein and hepatic artery that combine into a sinusoid, which then goes into the central vein, and these are all lined with hepatocytes.

这是一个肝脏基本功能单位的简单示意图，你可看到由门静脉和肝动脉来的血液在血窦汇集，然后流入中央静脉，这些都与干细胞相平行。

In addition, there were alterations in hepatic function measures: levels of alkaline phosphatase (68 U per liter), alanine aminotransferase (105 U per liter), aspartate aminotransferase (77 U per liter), and lactate dehydrogenase (465 U per liter) were all elevated on day 5 of hospitalization.

此外，肝功能指标也发生了变化：碱性磷酸酶（每升 68 U）、谷丙转氨酶（每升 105 U）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（每升 77 U）和乳酸脱氢酶（每升 465 U）的水平住院第 5 天均升高。