A signal triggers the pituitary gland to release the hormone gonadotropin.

这个信号会促使脑垂体释放出促性腺激素。

GnRH makes the nearby pituitary gland secrete two hormones of its own, called gonadotropins.

GnRH促使附近垂体自身分泌两种激素，称为促性腺激素。

And that leads to low levels of the gonadotropin hormones, luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones, and low levels of gonadal function.

而这会促性腺激素（如促黄体生成素和刺激素水平）降低，以及性腺功能水平降低。

Over time, many ovarian follicles degenerate, and the ones that remain become less and less sensitive to gonadotropin stimulation.

随着时间推移，许多巢退化，而余下促性腺激素刺激变得越来越不敏感。

These are caused by overstimulation by human chorionic gonadotropin or hCG, a hormone that's produced by the placenta, so they're only seen in pregnancy.

这是由人体绒毛膜促性腺激素（hCG）过度刺激；这种激素由胎盘释放，因此仅见于怀孕期间。

These gonadotropin hormones then stimulate the gonads to produce sex specific hormones.

这些促性腺激素随后刺激性腺生成性别特异性激素。

So, for example, a pinealoma may lead to increased secretion of the hormone beta human chorionic gonadotropin that can cause an early onset of puberty.

比如，松果体瘤可能β人绒毛膜促性腺激素分泌增加，可引起青春期发育提前。

High levels of cortisol also inhibit the secretion of gonadotropin- releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, which messes up normal ovarian and testicular function.

高水平皮质醇会抑制促性腺激素分泌，即下丘脑分泌释放激素，巢和睾丸功能紊乱。

This goes on until menopause, when there are no remaining follicles responding to gonadotropins, and that causes menstruation and ovulation to cease entirely.

这种情况一直持续到绝经，此时没有剩余促性腺激素有反应；这月经和排完全停止。

Now, in premature ovarian failure, the follicles stop responding to gonadotropin stimulation earlier than usual - that being before the age of 40.

而在巢早衰患者中，更早停止促性腺激素刺激反应，即在40岁之前。

This is called hypergonadotropic (because the level of gonadotropins are high) hypogonadism (because the level of gonad or ovarian hormones is low).

由于促性腺激素水平高，而性腺或巢激素水平低，这被称为高促性腺激素型性腺功能减退症。

In premature ovarian failure when estrogen levels are low the pituitary gland attempts to restore balance by increasing production of gonadotropins LH and FSH.

在巢早衰中，当雌激素水平较低时，垂体试图通过增加促性腺激素LH和FSH产生来恢复平衡。

To maintain balance, or homeostasis, testosterone reduces gonadotropin releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone and sertoli cells release the hormone inhibin which inhibits release of follicle stimulating hormone.

为了保持多种作用平衡，即“稳态”，睾酮还会反作用于GnRH和LH，使它们减少；同时，睾丸支持细胞还会释放抑制素；抑制素也会抑制FSH释放。

Now in puberty in both male and females the hypothalamus starts to release more gonadotropin releasing hormone which gets the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone.

青春期时男性和女性体内下丘脑开始释放更多促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）；这种激素会使垂体释放黄体生成素（LH）和促激素（FSH）。

In Prader-Willi, the hypothalamus has issues secreting gonadotropin releasing hormone and growth hormone releasing hormone as it should, which can cause decreased sex hormone levels and short stature, respectively.

在普拉德-威利综合征发展中，下丘脑分泌促性腺激素释放激素和生长激素释放激素受阻，分别性腺激素分泌不足以及身材矮小。

A diagnosis of Kallmann syndrome is made based on identifying low levels of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, low gonadotropins (LF and FSH) and low sex hormones, with normal levels of other pituitary hormones.

Kallmann综合征诊断是基于检测出低水平促性腺激素释放激素、低促性腺激素（促黄体生成素和刺激素）和低水平性激素，而其他垂体激素水平正常。

Though there are different causes which result in different levels of gonadotropin hormones, they all ultimately result in hypogonadism and a deficiency in testosterone or estrogen and progesterone.

尽管青春期延迟病因很多，会促性腺激素水平各不相同，但最终结果都是性腺功能减退以及男性睾酮或女性雌激素和孕酮缺乏。

They began to notice a pattern of fluctuations throughout a woman's 28 day menstrual cycle and saw a sharp spike in the level of HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) in pregnant women, and nowhere else.

他们开始注意到女性28天月经周期中有一种波动模式，孕妇 HCG（人绒毛膜促性腺激素）水平急剧上升，而其他人则不会。

When gonadotropin-releasing hormone reach the pituitary gland, it stimulates cells in the anterior pituitary, called gonadotrophs, to release gonadotropin hormones: luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone which then enter the blood.

当GnRH到达垂体时，可刺激垂体前叶促性腺激素细胞，释放促性腺激素黄体生成素（LH）和促生成激素（FSH），两者随后进入血液。

All right, as a quick recap, premature ovarian failure occurs before age 40 and is caused by not having enough follicles in the ovaries or having follicles that don't respond to gonadotropins.

好！快速回顾一下：巢早衰发生在40岁之前，是由于巢中没有足够或促性腺激素无反应。