Macro questions are things like " What caused the transition from feudalism to capitalism? "

比如“是什么使封建主义社会走向资本主义？”就是一宏观问题。

A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism.

所以，我们仍需长期的努力，以避免一专制的未来。

Since then, students in primary schools and high schools have been liberated from the claimed trash of feudalism.

自从这以后，中小学生摆脱了封建主义的束缚。

As a result, students are taught to associate traditional classic books with backwardness of feudalism.

导致老师教授学生的是传统典籍与封建制度的结合。

They viewed dynamite rather as the way in which muskets helped end the domain of feudalism.

他们把炸药看成是终结了封建主义的毛瑟枪一样。

Historians see enormous political and economic impacts. Worker shortages gave serfs more bargaining power and hastened the end of feudalism.

历史学家看到了巨大的政治和经济影响。工人短缺给农奴们更多的议价能力，加速了封建主义的终结。

This is where capitalism was replacing feudalism.

这就是资本主义取代封建主义的地方。

It's an internalized feudalism which imagines that only certain people but not oneself, have the right, preordained, to get certain things.

这是一种内心的封建制度，认为某些人而不是自己，才有权利或注定获得某些东西。

Before the plague, Europe was overpopulated – and  feudalism was the norm.

在瘟疫爆发，欧洲人口过剩——封建主义是常态。

It's an old word that describes a system, common in the Middle Ages in Europe, called " feudalism" (feudalism).

这是一描述一种制度的古老词， 通用于中世纪的欧洲，叫做“封建主义” （feudalism）。

Feudalism, which had pervaded Europe in the High  Middle Ages, was witnessing its ultimate demise.

在中世纪盛期遍及欧洲的封建主义正在目睹其最终的灭亡。

In feudalism, being a lord or a peasant was a legal matter.

在封建制度下，做领主或农民是一件合法的事情。

Maybe you'd think back to Marx or Durkheim and say that it was the shift from feudalism to capitalism.

也许你会回想起马克思或涂尔干，并说这是从封建主义到资本主义的转变。

King William I changed many parts of  Anglo-Saxon life, mainly because he expanded feudalism in England.

威廉一世国王改变了盎格鲁撒克逊人生活的许多方面，主要是因为他扩大了英格兰的封建制度。

This breakdown of serfdom and feudalism was followed by social unrest and rebellions when the aristocracy tried to fight the demands of the workers.

农奴制和封建制度的崩溃，随而来的是社会动荡和叛乱，贵族试图反抗工人的要求。

Feudalism was common in Europe since the rich landowners controlled the land, and there was  a very distinct sense of hierarchy in financial terms.

封建主义在欧洲很普遍，因为富有的地主控制着土地，并且在金融方面存在非常明显的等级观念。

The elaborate economic rules and regulations was overseen by a bloated expensive bureaucracy locking the government into a vicious circle and marking the first step of western society into feudalism.

详尽的经济规则并未得到监督，因为官僚机构肿胀，政府陷入恶性循环，标志着西方社会迈入封建社会的第一步。

The economy was now characterized by feudalism, which meant that a few powerful nobles owned the land, which the serfs had to toil on in order to live.

现在的经济以封建主义为特征，这意味着一些有权有势的贵族拥有土地，农奴不得不在这些土地上劳作以谋生。

The class struggle  became increasingly common in Western Europe and would remain popular for the next few centuries  before wiping the stain of feudalism off the land.

阶级斗争在西欧变得越来越普遍，并且在接下来的几世纪里一直很流行，然后才从这片土地上抹去封建主义的污点。

Feudalism was also an economic system, with the peasants working the land and keeping some of their production to feed themselves while giving the rest to the landowner whose land they worked.

封建主义也是一种经济制度，农民在土地上耕作， 保留部分产品来养活自己， 同时将其余部分交给他们耕种土地的地主。