It was found in 1995 that choline deficiency results in fatty liver and that choline supplementation reverses it.

研究者在1995年发现，缺乏胆会导致脂肪肝，但也可以通过补充胆来逆转。

Unfortunately the consequence of leaving choline out of IV nutrition was that the subjects often developed fatty liver.

不幸的是，如果静脉注射液缺乏胆，往往会长出脂肪肝。

And in the meantime, lecithin is a useful plant-based source of choline which can be bought as a supplement.

同时，卵磷脂是一种有用的植物性胆来源，可以作为补充剂购买。

Another brain-healthy nutrient found most abundantly in animal foods is choline, found in liver, egg yolks, beef, and oily fish.

另一种在动物性食物含量最多的对大脑有益的营养物质是胆，胆存在于肝脏、蛋黄、牛肉和油性。

The amount of choline in the diet influences how much acetylcholine is available in the brain and central nervous system.

饮食胆的含量会影响大脑和枢神经系统乙酰胆的含量。

The good news is that another compound called betaine might be able to do some of the work of choline.

好消息是，另一种叫做甜菜的化合物可能能起到胆的部分作用。

Your body uses choline to produce a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, which plays key roles in learning, memory, attention, motivation, and healthy sleep.

你的身体使用胆产生一种叫做乙酰胆的神经递质，它在学习、记忆、注意力、动力和健康睡眠起着关键作用。

So the other thing about TMAO to know is that certain types of gut bacteria metabolize choline and carnitine into TMAO whereas others don't.

另外需要了解的是，某些肠道菌群可将胆和左旋肉代谢成氧化三甲胺，另一些肠道菌群则不能。

Under normal conditions, cholinergic neurons in the brain, synthesize acetylcholine from acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) and choline, in a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme choline acetyltransferase (CAT).

正常情况下，大脑的胆能神经元从乙酰辅酶A（乙酰辅酶A）和胆，由胆酶催化的反应乙酰转移酶（CAT）。

In that paper he showed that choline, a molecule found in eggs and meat, is digested by some gut bacteria to produce trimethylamine, which is then processed in the liver to create trimethylamine N-oxide, or TMAO—a substance that encourages atherosclerosis.

在那篇文章，他说胆（一种存在于蛋和肉的分子）被某些肠道细菌消化生成三甲胺，然后三甲胺在肝脏转化为氧化三甲胺（TMAO），这是一种有助于引发动脉粥样硬化的物质。