Risk factors associated with HS bronchopneumonitis were oral–labial lesions, HS in the throat, and macroscopic bronchial lesions seen during bronchoscopy.
Objective To evaluate the effect of bronchial artery embolization (BAE) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) foam and gelatinum sponge (GS) for serious hemoptysis.
Air is conducted through smaller and smaller bronchioles for about 15-20 generations, and collectively they're known as conducting bronchioles, receiving O2 from bronchial arteries.
Occasionally in the sputum there might be curschmann spirals, which are spiral shaped mucus plugs or basically elongated mucous casts from small bronchi of people with bronchial asthma.
Beyond the mucosa, there is smooth muscle followed by more connective tissue, and together, these two layers make up the submucosa and this is where the bronchial mucinous glands live.
One measurement, typically done post-mortem, is called the Reid index, which is the ratio of the thickness of the bronchial mucinous glands, relative to the total thickness of the airway - from the epithelium to the cartilage.