The chapter 2 focuses on the somatic function of the micronucleus during asexual reproduction and stomatogenesis in ciliated protozoan Pseudokeronopsis monilata.
They grow as single cells that reproduce by asexual budding and oval or round in shape. Some yeast produce chains of elongated cells (pseudohypha) that resemble the mycelium of molds.
Reproduction in lichens may be asexual by soredia (algal cells enclosed by fungal hyphae) or by sexual fungal spores, which can survive only if some algal cells are also present.