Purple tea contains a substance known as anthocyanin, which gives the leaves the purple color, and other substances.

茶含有一种叫做花青素的物质，它使叶子呈色，茶还含有其他物质。

Both are rich sources of anthocyanins, a type of plant chemical called polyphenols that gives them their deep color.

它们都富含花青素，这是一种被称为多酚的植物化学物质，使它们呈现出深颜色。

Red and purple hues stem from secondary pigments called anthocyanins, while carotenoids and xanthophylls yield oranges and yellows, respectively.

红色和色色调来自花青素等辅助色素，而类胡萝卜素和叶黄素分别产生橙色和黄色。

There’s lycopene , from tomatoes, and anthocyanins from red cabbage.

有来自西红柿的茄红素和来自的花青素。

Nor will it immediately harm certain antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, like anthocyanins and flavonols, she said.

她说，它也不会立即损害某些抗氧化剂和抗炎化合物，例如花青素和黄酮醇。

Leaves that had been exposed had significantly higher levels of defensive chemicals like glucosinolates and anthocyanins, making them much harder for the caterpillars to eat.

暴露在外的叶子含有明显更高水平的防御性化学物质，如芥子油苷和花青素，使毛毛虫更难吃掉它们。

That something could be anthocyanin, or it could be a dangerous toxin, but the knob itself isn't the problem, nor is the process by which it was added.

它可能是花青素，也可能是一种危险的毒素，但基因本身不是问题，添加它的过程也不是问题。

What's puzzling is that anthocyanins are actually newly minted, made in the leaves at the same time as the tree is preparing to drop them.

令人费解的是，花青素实际上是新产生的，是在树准备落叶的同时在树叶中产生的。

The skin of grapes is a rich source of antioxidants, including resveratrol, anthocyanins, and flavonoids. These compounds are known for their ability to fight oxidative stress and reduce inflammation in the body.

葡萄皮是抗氧化剂的丰富来源，包括白藜芦醇、花青素和类黄酮。这些成分以其对抗氧化应激和减少体内炎症的能力而闻名。

But it is hard to make sense of the manufacture of anthocyanins—why should a tree bother making new chemicals in its leaves when it's already scrambling to withdraw and preserve the ones already there?

但是很难理解花青素的制造过程——当一棵树已经在争先恐后地提取和保存已经存在的化学物质时，为什么还要费心在它的叶子中制造新的化学物质呢？

F Perhaps the most plausible suggestion as to why leaves would go to the trouble of making anthocyanins when they're busy packing up for the winter is the theory known as the 'light screen' hypothesis.

F 关于为什么叶子在忙于收拾过冬时会费力制造花青素，也许最合理的建议是被称为“光屏”假说的理论。

D Some theories about anthocyanins have argued that they might act as a chemical defence against attacks by insects or fungi, or that they might attract fruit-eating birds or increase a leaf's tolerance to freezing.

D 一些关于花青素的理论认为，它们可能作为一种化学防御剂来抵御昆虫或真菌的攻击，或者它们可能会吸引食果鸟类或增加叶子的抗冻能力。

However there are problems with each of these theories, including the fact that leaves are red for such a relatively short period that the expense of energy needed to manufacture the anthocyanins would outweigh any anti-fungal or anti-herbivore activity achieved.

然而，这些理论中的每一个都存在问题，包括叶子变红的时间相对较短，以至于制造花青素所需的能量消耗将超过所实现的任何抗真菌或抗食草动物活性。