Clostridia, as a family, are obligate anaerobes, meaning that oxygen is toxic to them.

梭状芽胞杆菌科为专性厌氧，即氧对其有毒害作用。

It's a facultative anaerobe so that means it can undergo respiratory and fermentative metabolism.

它是兼性厌氧菌，这意味着它可以经历呼吸发酵代谢。

Finally, culturing Clostridium tetani is very difficult because anaerobes are notoriously difficult and slow to grow.

最后，破伤风梭菌培养非常，为厌氧菌的生长是出了名的缓慢。

Alright, as a quick recap, Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe that resides in the soil.

得！我们快速复习一下：膜梭菌是革兰氏阳性、有芽孢的厌氧菌，通常居于土壤中。

It's non-motile and doesn't form spores, and also, it's a facultative anaerobe, meaning that it can live with or without oxygen.

它没有运动能力，也不会形成孢子，同时，它也是兼性厌氧细菌，意味着它可以在有氧或无氧的条件下生存。

That's where a person is placed in a hyperbaric chamber, which contains 100% oxygen, because that amount of oxygen is deadly to Clostridium perfringens and other anaerobes.

患者身处含100%氧的高压舱内，为100%氧对于膜梭菌以及其他厌氧菌属于致死量。

This can happen when wounds are made by dirty, sharp objects, that come into contact with soil that's rich with Clostridium perfringens and other anaerobes, like gardening or farming equipment.

当伤口由如园艺或农场工具等土壤污染的锐器造成时，会发生感染，是为土壤可能富含膜梭菌以及其他厌氧菌。

All right as a quick recap, Clostridium tetani is a sporulating, gram-positive, bacillus anaerobe that makes the toxin tetanospasmin, which causes tetanus by disrupting the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters from Renshaw cells.

得！快速复习一下：破伤风梭菌是一种芽孢的革兰氏阳性厌氧棒状杆菌，能够生引起破伤风的罪魁祸首破伤风痉挛毒素；该毒素通过干扰闰绍细胞中抑制性神经递质的释放而致病。