Finally, endocrine disorders can also cause primary amenorrhea.

最后，内分泌疾病也会导致性闭经。

Ok, now, coming back to amenorrhea.

好，现在说回到闭经。

A rarer cause of primary amenorrhea is androgen insensitivity syndrome.

导致性闭经的一个罕因是雄激素不合征。

Issues with the pituitary gland can also cause secondary amenorrhea.

垂体的问题也会导致继性闭经。

Which would explain why amenorrhea is most common among ballet dancers, gymnasts, and long distance runners.

这也能解释为什麽闭经对芭蕾舞者 体操选手及长跑运动员来说很常。

In females, primary sex characteristic dysfunction includes amenorrhea or absence of menstruation, or oligomenorrhea or irregular menstrual cycle.

在女性中，第一性征的功能障碍包括闭经，即无月经，或月经减少，即月经周期不规则。

The most common cause of secondary amenorrhea is pregnancy.

最可能的继性闭经因是怀孕。

The one symptom of both primary and secondary amenorrhea is, well, the absence of menstruation.

性和继性闭经共有的一个症状是没有月经。

The most common cause of primary amenorrhea is Turner syndrome, where one X chromosome is either completely or partially absent.

最可能的性闭经因是Turner合征：有一个X染色体完全或者部分缺失。

Another condition that affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and can be responsible for secondary amenorrhea is polycystic ovary syndrome.

另一种能影响下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴并可能导致继性闭经的疾病是多囊卵巢合症。

All right, as a quick recap… amenorrhea is the abnormal absence of menstruation in females of reproductive age.

好！快速回顾一下：闭经指育龄期女性无月经或月经异常停止。

When this happens, TRH also stimulates prolactin release - so hyperprolactinemia and amenorrhea occur.

与此同时，TRH也刺激泌乳素的分泌，所以也会出现高泌乳素血症和闭经。

Interestingly, hypothyroidism - a condition where there's low levels of thyroid hormones - can also cause amenorrhea.

有趣的是，甲状腺功能减退症，一种由于甲状腺激素合成及分泌减少导致的疾病，也可能会导致闭经。

There are many causes of secondary amenorrhea, and when they occur before menarche, all of these can also cause primary amenorrhea.

有许多因会导致继性闭经，而当它们在初潮前生时，都会导致性闭经。

With functional hypothalamic amenorrhea due to anorexia, there's significant weight loss and decreased bone density which can cause fractures.

由于厌食导致的功能性下丘脑性闭经患者往往减重过度且骨密度下降，易致骨折。

The first step when evaluating primary or secondary amenorrhea is to rule out pregnancy with a pregnancy test.

评估性或继性闭经的第一步是用孕检排除怀孕可能。

An early symptom is agalactorrhea, whereas late symptoms include amenorrhea, low blood pressure, low blood sodium, low blood glucose levels, as well as fatigue and muscle loss.

早期症状包括产后无乳，而晚期症状包括闭经、低血压、低血钠、低血糖、疲劳和肌肉萎缩。

Next, there's functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, which is when there is a decrease in GnRH secretion, leading to low levels of LH, FSH, and estrogen.

其次是功能性下丘脑性闭经，即由于GnRH分泌下降导致LH、FSH和雌激素水平下降。

Primary amenorrhea is when a female hasn't had her first menstruation, called menarche, by age 16, despite normal growth and having started puberty.

性闭经指女性在16周岁前没有初次月经（即初潮），尽管生长育、进入青春期均无异常。

Later symptoms include amenorrhea, an absence of a normal menstrual cycle, even after a period of lactation, which is due to a lack of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone.

晚期的症状包括闭经，即月经周期不正常，甚至就在哺乳期后出现，这是由于缺乏黄体生成素和卵泡刺激素。